Recency refers to the number of sentences that have been produced since the last mention of the referent. Importantly, however, in slightly more than half of the cases where a d-pronoun is used, no local competitor is present. Bader, M. & Portele, Y. Before any conclusions can be drawn from this finding, further experiments are necessary in order to see whether this finding, which was obtained in a situation in which participants were not free with regard to the choice of an antecedent phrase, can be confirmed. In line with other researchers (e.g., Fukumura & Van Gompel, 2010), Kehler and Rohde (2013) review evidence suggesting that in contrast to pronoun interpretation, the choice of a referential form depends on accessibility alone. For the d-pronoun, however, we see a difference regarding the four coherence relations. This condition thus serves as a baseline for the use of d-pronouns. Muffins - les classiques populaires à déguster avec une boisson chaude, A base d’ingrédients de qualité supérieure, De nombreux produits et Dudenredaktion 2011. Maria war am Sonntag im Zirkus. 2010. 22During language production, however, a choice between p- and d-pronoun is necessary whether a competing antecedent is available or not. Target items were separated from each other by at least two filler items. 66In the first sentence, an individual was introduced using a proper name or indefinite NP. Nevertheless, the author of this text decided to use the p-pronoun instead. [C -2] Bevor die Aufführung begann, hatte sie schon einen Clown herumlaufen sehen. The main corpus thus contains 417 instances of the p-pronoun and 430 instances of the d-pronoun. Alice Hoffmann ist gar keine Saarländerin Die Schauspielerin, die am 16. However, this finding is open to alternative explanations. 4Arnold (2010) lists three properties of a referent that contribute to its accessibility: recency, givenness, and syntactic prominence. For p-pronouns with an antecedent in the immediately preceding clause, the antecedent was a subject in 86.7% of all cases and a non-subject in the remaining 13.2% cases. However, they are also there to help students acquire interdisciplinary skills, such as skills in scientific research and self-organisation. A major obstacle in this regard was the fact that the p-pronoun er occurred with a much higher rate than the d-pronoun der. In addition, in five cases the d-pronoun was followed by a verb-final structure and two continuations were incomplete or missing. Thus, the three major properties defining accessibility discussed so far do not provide a categorical distinction between p-pronoun and d-pronoun, neither alone nor in combination. [C -3] Der 32-Jährige hatte, ‘[C -4] Costums officers have arrested a British man with 30 kilograms of cannabis in his luggage. In this respect, pronouns differ from lexical NPs, which often take their antecedent over a longer distance (see Arnold, 2010 for discussion). Schönmich. The text in [17] is from the website of a state department where a deliberately formal writing style may be in use. & Rohde, H. 2013. Au-delà de la compréhension du langage, il faut faire un choix entre les deux formes pronominales pendant la production du langage, s’il y a une ambiguïté ou non. With 76.4% non-subject and 23.6% subject antecedents, the object bias for d-pronouns was somewhat weaker than the subject bias for p-pronouns. When the antecedent was a p- or d-pronoun itself, it was almost always given.
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